Research

Science that drives more effective wild pig control

One of the Task Force’s core objectives is to identify knowledge gaps in the biology, ecology, and management of wild pigs, and to promote and facilitate coordinated research and international collaboration that fills them.

The NWPTF Research Subcommittee brings together scientists from universities, agencies, and the private sector to set shared priorities, share findings, and translate science into practice.

Selected research & reading

Peer-reviewed science and references

Published work and authoritative references, grouped by focus area and listed newest first. More guides and data are on the Resources page.

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Management & control10 studies

Evaluating the effectiveness of trapping, toxicants, and other tools, from whole-sounder removal to coordinated, multi-agency operations.

  1. 2026
    The incident command system and invasive species control
    Carlisle & Cross. Biological Invasions, 2026.

    Field evidence that running wild pig elimination through a unified incident command system improved interagency coordination, accountability, and capacity.

  2. 2025
    Strategies for wild pig control: Missouri’s progress toward elimination
    Cross & Carlisle. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2025.

    How Missouri became the first state to pursue statewide elimination, using systematic baiting, professional trappers, a central reporting hotline, and aerial operations.

  3. 2025
    Evaluation of common trap types for capturing wild pigs
    Taylor, Buxton & Beasley. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2025.

    A four-state test of corral, drop, and passive net traps found all three can capture entire wild pig social groups when used well.

  4. 2023
    Wild pig abundance, crop damage, and environmental impacts in response to control efforts
    Treichler et al. Pest Management Science, 2023.

    Sustained, intensive control cut wild pig relative abundance by about 70% within 24 months and rooting damage by roughly 99%, direct evidence that coordinated removal works.

  5. 2023
    Whole-sounder removal versus traditional control for reducing wild pig populations
    Kilgo et al. Pest Management Science, 2023.

    Removing the entire family group in a single event reduced pig density far more than conventional trapping.

  6. 2018
    Hunting as the main technique used to control wild pigs in Brazil
    Rosa et al. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2018.

    A survey of wild pig control in Brazil found hunting is the dominant method, carried out mostly by volunteers and often outside legal channels.

  7. 2017
    Effectiveness of a bounty program for reducing wild pig densities
    Ditchkoff, Holtfreter & Williams. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2017.

    A bounty program failed to reduce wild pig numbers, with densities rising during the program, evidence that bounties are not an effective control tool.

  8. 2017
    Hog Heaven? Challenges of managing introduced wild pigs in natural areas
    Keiter & Beasley. Natural Areas Journal, 2017.

    A review of the impacts of wild pigs in natural areas, the traits that make them hard to remove, and what effective control and eradication require.

  9. 2014
    Evaluation of continuous-catch doors for trapping wild pigs
    Smith et al. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2014.

    Continuous-catch trap doors let additional pigs enter after the door closes, improving whole-group capture in corral traps.

  10. 2004
    A test of the Judas technique for eradicating feral pigs
    Wilcox et al. Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society, 2004.

    A field test of the Judas technique, using radio-collared pigs to locate the rest, to help eradicate a remnant feral pig population.

Damage & economics4 studies

Quantifying impacts to agriculture, natural resources, and infrastructure to inform funding and policy.

  1. 2025
    Externalities in wild pig damages on U.S. crop and livestock farms
    McKee et al. PLOS ONE, 2025.

    How a landowner’s actions and the surrounding landscape raise wild pig damage on neighboring farms, underscoring why control has to be coordinated across property lines.

  2. 2024
    Resources safeguarded by preventing wild pig expansion
    Jareb et al. Biology (Basel), 2024.

    Analysis finding the national program safeguarded an estimated $40.2 billion in crops and pasture from 2014 to 2021.

  3. 2024
    Economic impacts of wild pigs on producers of six crops
    McKee et al. Agriculture, 2024.

    The first survey-based estimate of wild pig damage to producers of six row crops across eleven states, totaling roughly $700 million in a single year.

  4. 2023
    Economic impacts of wild pigs on livestock producers in 13 states
    McKee et al. Human–Wildlife Interactions, 2023.

    A 13-state survey quantifying what wild pigs cost livestock producers through pasture degradation, property and infrastructure damage, and lost forage.

Ecology & impacts on wildlife5 studies

Reproduction, movement, density, and habitat use, and the effects of wild pigs on native wildlife and habitats.

  1. 2024
    Population response of eastern wild turkey to removal of wild pigs
    McDonough et al. Journal of Wildlife Management, 2024.

    After about 1,850 wild pigs were removed from Alabama sites, wild turkey abundance and occupancy rose, evidence that pig removal can locally benefit turkeys.

  2. 2020
    Invasive wild pigs as primary nest predators for wild turkeys
    Sanders et al. Scientific Reports, 2020.

    Camera evidence identifying invasive wild pigs as a leading predator of wild turkey nests, a direct threat to a valued native game species.

  3. 2019
    Reduced vertebrate diversity following feral swine invasions
    Ivey et al. Ecology and Evolution, 2019.

    Forest sites invaded by feral swine showed lower native vertebrate diversity, with the effect holding across patches of every size.

  4. 2012
    Reproduction in wild pigs subjected to lethal control
    Ditchkoff et al. Journal of Wildlife Management, 2012.

    After intensive removal, female wild pigs showed density-dependent reproductive compensation, showing populations can rebound quickly after culling.

  5. 2011
    High hunting pressure selects for earlier birth date in wild boar
    Gamelon et al. Evolution, 2011.

    A long-running study showing heavy hunting pressure pushed wild boar to breed earlier in the year, evidence that pig populations adapt to control efforts.

Spread & human dimensions7 studies

How wild pigs spread, and the attitudes, behavior, and policy that shape how control is received.

  1. 2023
    Cultural and regulatory factors influence the spread of wild pigs
    Smith et al. Journal of Environmental Management, 2023.

    How hunting culture and uneven state regulations shape where wild pigs spread, and the policy changes that could slow it.

  2. 2019
    Population size estimates of invasive wild pigs in the United States
    Lewis et al. Biological Invasions, 2019.

    National estimates of historical, current, and potential U.S. wild pig populations, documenting a steep upward trend and large areas of unfilled habitat.

  3. 2017
    Anthropogenic factors predict movement of an invasive species
    Tabak et al. Ecosphere, 2017.

    Evidence that human activity, not natural dispersal, drives most wild pig range expansion, so movement by people is the spread risk to manage.

  4. 2017
    Biotic and abiotic factors predicting the global distribution of wild pigs
    Lewis et al. Scientific Reports, 2017.

    Combining 129 global density estimates, the study shows that biotic factors like agriculture and vegetation sharply improve predictions of wild pig distribution and density.

  5. 2017
    Interpreting and predicting the spread of invasive wild pigs
    Snow, Jarzyna & VerCauteren. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017.

    A three-decade model found U.S. wild pig spread accelerated from about 6.5 to 12.6 km per year, driven by climate-matched expansion plus human-assisted jumps.

  6. 2015
    Wild boar populations up, hunter numbers down: trends in Europe
    Massei et al. Pest Management Science, 2015.

    Across 18 European countries, wild boar harvests rose steadily while hunter numbers stalled, indicating recreational hunting alone cannot contain population growth.

  7. 2014
    Consequences of the recent range expansion of nonnative feral swine
    Bevins et al. BioScience, 2014.

    A foundational overview of feral swine’s rapid U.S. range expansion and the resulting risks to crops, native species, and animal and human health.

Disease & health3 studies

Monitoring diseases carried by wild pigs and the risks they pose to livestock, wildlife, and human health.

  1. 2024
    Trichinella and Toxoplasma antibodies in U.S. wild pigs
    Cleveland et al. Veterinary Parasitology, 2024.

    A national survey finding wild pigs carry antibodies to Trichinella and Toxoplasma gondii at higher rates than a decade earlier, a food-safety and zoonotic concern.

  2. 2023
    Parasite prevalence in feral swine, Great Smoky Mountains National Park
    England et al. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2023.

    Nearly all feral swine sampled in the park carried gastrointestinal parasites, several of them able to infect people and livestock.

  3. 2021
    New World screwworm myiasis in feral swine (Uruguay)
    Altuna et al. Parasites & Vectors, 2021.

    The first documentation of New World screwworm in feral swine in South America, showing how wild pigs can act as reservoirs for a high-consequence transboundary pest.

Get the definitive book on wild pig management at 20% off

Invasive Wild Pigs in North America: Ecology, Impacts, and Management (VerCauteren et al., eds., CRC Press, 2020) is the definitive book on wild pig biology, impacts, and control. Available from CRC Press.

Get involved in the research

The Research Subcommittee welcomes natural resource professionals and scientists working on wild pig biology, ecology, and control. Spot a peer-reviewed study we should add? Send it our way.